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Experts: Sino-Indian military ties to continue

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Military ties between China and India are strong, and will never be compromised based on a minor incident, despite a recent report in the Indian media, according to experts.
By en.ce.cn

India military ties on track despite visa row: China

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India military ties on track despite visa row: ChinaIndia military ties on track despite visa row: China
By economictimes.indiatimes.com

Chinese soldiers cross to India in search of ‘love’

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Drawn by the powers of the ‘Love Flower’, Chinese soldiers are said to be sneaking into Indian territory in Arunachal Pradesh.
By timesofindia.indiatimes.com

N-deal: China likely to disregard India, US concerns

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China is likely to go ahead with its decision to finance the construction of two nuclear power plants in Pak.
By indianexpress.com

China’s national defense capability not to challenge any country: Chinese military official from china-defense-mashup.com

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June.04 (China Military News cited from Xinhua) — The development of China’s national defense capabilities is not aimed at challenging, threatening or invading any other country, but to maintain its own security, a senior Chinese military official said here on Saturday.

Ma Xiaotian, deputy chief of the General Staff of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army pointed out at the 9th International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Asian Security Summit that some people still view China’s development with suspicion, worrying that China will seek expansion and hegemony when it becomes strong, as some western countries did.

Chinese Stealth Fighter’s Imagination Picture

“The development of China’s national defense capabilities is not aimed at challenging, threatening or invading any other country, but at, first and foremost, maintaining its own security, ” Ma said.

Ma noted that every country should combine its own interests of its own people with shared interests of people around the world, and its own national security with the common security with the international community.

Only common development can guarantee sustainable development for all, and only common security is truly sustainable security, which has been implemented by China in the practice of foreign strategy, Ma said.

“We believe maintaining security in the Asia-Pacific region serves China’s interest, and it is also China’s responsibility,” Ma said, adding that China has the responsibility to make greater contribution to regional peace and prosperity and it is willing to do so.

The 9th International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) Asian Security Summit, the Shangri-La Dialogue, is held in Singapore from June 4-6. Delegations from 28 countries and regions, with more than 300 delegates including defense ministers, chiefs of defense staff, and other senior security policy-makers, attended the summit.

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By admin

China Promises New, Advanced Fighter from chinesemil.blogspot.com

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China has the resources and technology–some of it obtained quasi-legally and illegally–to build a fifth-generation fighter, say U.S. Air Force and intelligence officials. But Beijing’s aerospace industry may be missing key skills needed for it to match the performance of advanced, Western-built combat aircraft.

What neither Beijing nor the Western defense community yet knows is whether Chinese technicians can generate the systems engineering and integration capabilities required to actually build in large production numbers and arm advanced aircraft with features similar to those of the aging B-2 and F-22 or the newer but less stealthy F-35 (AW&ST Nov.16, p. 26).

“You need a combination of the right shape, structural design, surface coatings, aerodynamic performance and flight control system,” says a U.S. Air Force official. “It’s not magic, but there’s still a lot of art in it.”

It remains to be determined if the People’s Liberation Army Air Force (Plaaf) will pursue a fighter design optimized for low observability or how much it will be willing to trade in terms of performance, supportability and delivery schedule.

The requirement–dubbed J-XX by the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence in 1997–may well seek a more “balanced” approach to stealth, likely focusing on front-quadrant radar-cross-section reduction and the use of reapplicable coatings, rather than pursuing an all-aspect design. A twin-engine delta-canard concept has previously been suggested to be the general design approach.

While China is unlikely to field a platform with F-22-like capabilities within 10 years–as claimed by the Plaaf’s deputy chief, Gen. He Weirong–a new fighter is in development and may soon make its first flight, say Chinese aerospace industry and U.S. intelligence officials.

The U.S. intelligence official, a veteran analyst of China’s airpower, summarizes his view of the nation’s access to advanced technologies. “Between legal, quasi-legal [diverted] and espionage-based tech transfer, I’m sure China has obtained most of the data available on how we build our stealthy aircraft structures and the materials involved,” he says. “They also have taken full advantage of our open patent system, our open engineering undergrad and grad schools, our publish-or-perish academic promotion process and the ease with which an integrated, centralized [government] can thwart artificial, social-democratic distinctions between military, police, civil and commercial data.”

Aging F-22 and B-2 designs are another factor. They have given Chinese researchers more than 20 years to chase down those technologies. The B-2 has already gone through its first service-life-extension program.

“[With] what they’ve gotten from us, Japan, [South Korea], Russia and the European Union, they have access to all they need data-wise,” the intelligence official says. “Their only limitations are investment cash and the ability to work out production process engineering and integration, which we still do better than anyone. [Those skills] really reflect corporate culture and learning curve more than anything readily documented, although ISO 9000/9001/9002 and similar software documentation standardization are making that easier to steal, too.”

China’s J-10 strike fighter, which has an F-16-like capability, is considered the country’s best indigenous effort so far in terms of engines, avionics and aerodynamic performance. It began large-scale service in 2006. China’s military aircraft are profiting from knowledge about commercial composite-structure production garnered from building components for Boeing airliners and space materials.

The original J-10 work drew heavily on the Israeli Lavi program–Tel Aviv has generally proved a valuable source of technology for Beijing–and has benefited from Russian support.

Beijing also has used the J-11B development of the Russian Su-27 Flanker as the platform to introduce indigenous avionics, fire-control radar, weapons and powerplant. Further iterations of the systems produced for the J-11B may be earmarked for the J-XX.

The J-11B is designed to carry the PL-12 medium-range active radar-guided missile, rather than the export model of the Russian R-77 (AA-12 Adder). The PL-12 development reflects the overall improvement in China’s national guided-weapons technology base, even if the program had significant Russian input.

“Right now, the only arms race China is really facing is with India, and [Beijing is] winning,” the intelligence official says.

While that contest has no direct impact on the U.S., at least some Pentagon planners believe it will accelerate China’s large-force, war-making capability, while the U.S. is focusing its spending and technology development on limited-war and insurgency-type conflicts.

“In my view, we’re wasting billions on slow- and low-flying MC-12s [surveillance aircraft], MQ-1/-9 [remotely piloted aircraft], C-27J [light transports] and less-than-world-class, lowest-common-denominator, design-to-price [F-35] JSF,” the intelligence official says.

A veteran combat pilot with insight into the F-22 program says building an advanced fighter, even if it did not match the F-22′s or F-35′s performance, could be a serious threat to the U.S. stealth fleet if the new aircraft are built in large enough numbers to overcome an allied force through sheer attrition.

“Those fourth-generation fighters, when pitted against 187 F22s in large numbers, will eventually wear [the stealth fighters] down,” says an aerospace industry official. “They only carry eight air-to-air missiles. They don’t have to match Raptor capabilities if they build an advanced fighter in F-35 numbers.”

It would not be considered an impossible technological leap for China to build an F-35-like fighter with some stealth capabilities in 10 years. “They could throw a lot of resources at it,” a senior U.S. Air Force official says. “But we’ve yet to see a real organic design from China. So far, they’ve leveraged Russian or Israeli technology. They don’t have a lot of radar engineering capability, nor experience in integrating a complete structure. That’s the big question.

“You can paste on some [signature-lowering] capabilities, but changing a very large target to a large target doesn’t buy you too much operational advantage,” the Air Force official says. “You need very small stealth-signature numbers.”

The F-22 had an all-aspect requirement of -40 dBsm., while the F-35 came in at -30 dBsm. with some gaps in coverage.

The idea that the J-10 will serve as a technological springboard is considered unlikely.

“I believe the Chinese have a difficult road if their design is tied to the J-10,” he says. “As you know, significantly reduced signature requires more then coatings. The J-10 has many features which may produce the desired aerodynamic effects but would be a negative for signature reduction. I am sure they can somewhat reduce the signature with a few design tweaks and coatings, but the operational relevance would be questionable.

“They can certainly refine their composite-structure competency, and basic [stealth] coatings are widely known and available,” the Air Force official says. “The milestone will be when we see more refined shaping.”

http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_channel.jsp?channel=defense&id=news/CHFIGHT112409.xml&headline=China%20Promises%20New,%20Advanced%20Fighter

By polaris

Landslide cuts crucial China-Pak road link, hits military supplies from china-defense-mashup.com

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May.31 (China Military News cited from indianexpress.com) — In A major setback to Pakistan, the strategic Karakoram Highway that connects China with Pakistan has been closed for over three months now after parts of it were submerged by an artificial lake following a massive landslide in Hunza valley in January. With reports suggesting that the damage could take more than a year or two to repair, the highway may stay closed for a while.

The landslide has led to the creation of a huge artificial lake in the Gilgit-Baltistan area, better known as the Northern Areas in India, along the Hunza river. The lake, which is said to have spread over 24 km and is now over 100 metres deep at certain points, is expected to breach very soon.

Karakoram Highway

The closure of the Karakoram Highway has badly affected the high-volume trade between Pakistan and China as well as military supplies. The highway connects the Gilgit-Baltistan area with Xinjiang province in China and has remained a source of military and strategic concern for India since it was built as a Sino-Pak “friendship highway”. Four years back, the two countries had agreed to further broaden the 1,300 km-highway.

The massive landslide in January, coupled with melting of glaciers in the last month or so, has posed the biggest challenge to Pakistani authorities since the highway was constructed. Engaged in campaigns against terrorist outfits on its western border, the Pakistan army has been on high alert over the past few days over a possible breach in the lake.

Pakistan Army engineers are looking at building a bypass on the Karakoram Highway to re-establish connectivity. Reports indicate that boats are being sent across submerged sections to ferry goods.

With the closure affecting military supplies from Beijing to Islamabad, a Chinese defence delegation recently visited Pakistan to discuss alternative arrangements.

It’s believed that two bridges on the highway, at Gulmit and Shiskat — the former an engineering marvel — are now submerged. The extent of damage and the possibility of building a bypass quickly can only be explored once there is a breach in the lake and the water drains out. By Pakistan’s own estimates, outflow currently is less than 200 cusecs while the inflow is 2400 cusecs. There is little over 100,000 acre feet water in the lake and Pakistan’s estimate is that the lake cannot hold more than 112,000 acre feet. So the breach is imminent any day.

As and when the breach occurs, Pakistan’s disaster management authorities have estimated that 35-40 villages may be washed away. Some 40,000 people have apparently been evacuated to avert major loss of life.

Chinese engineers, along with Pakistan’s Frontier Works Organisation, have constructed a spillway, but work on that too has been affected because of fear of more landslides.

The entire highway has always been viewed as an environmentally dangerous project given that it was built through an ecologically sensitive area and Pakistan, in fact, lost over 800 workers during the construction phase largely due to landslides.

Thereafter too, landslides have continuously disrupted movement on the road. But special arrangements have been made by the Pakistan army to ensure that the road is not blocked for a long time. Pakistan is also concerned about the possible collection of silt in the Tarbela dam, where the water from the lake would flow.

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India says Chinese intrusions become frequent, China dismissed from china-defense-mashup.com

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May.12 (China Military News cited from ptinews.com and India Times) — China continues to intrude into Indian territory in the real as well as virtual worlds with sheer impunity. Along with mounting cyber-attacks, China persists in needling India all along the 4,057-km Line of Actual Control (LAC).

At least three incursions by motorised armed patrols of the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) in the strategically-located Trig Heights and Pangong Tso lake were recorded during last week, said sources on Monday.

Chinese “transgressions” into these sectors in Eastern Ladakh this year have registered “a sharp jump”, ranging from 27% to 52%, as compared to the same timeframe in 2009. “Just in Trig Heights area, for instance, almost 30 Chinese transgressions have already been witnessed this year,” said a source.

Similarly, both the north and south banks of Pangong Tso, two-third of which is controlled by China as it extends from India to Tibet at an altitude of 4,218 metres, record incursions by Chinese foot, vehicle and boat patrols on a regular basis.

This continuing cat-and-mouse game to strengthen its claims over disputed areas is yet another indicator that China has very little intention of softening its posture in the protracted border talks with India to delineate the 4,057-km LAC.

Indian troops, of course, also indulge in similar moves but they are nowhere near as aggressive as the assertive border management policy of the 2.25-million strong PLA, which has already unnerved the Indian defence establishment with its massive build-up of military infrastructure in the border areas.

This flexing of muscles is not restricted to Eastern Ladakh alone. It spreads across all the three sectors — western (Ladakh), middle (Uttarakhand, Himachal) and eastern (Sikkim, Arunachal) — of the LAC. “Chinese armed patrols, for instance, have intruded in the Asaphila sector of Arunachal as well this year,” said a source.

Even Sikkim, which India considers to be “a settled matter” after the then PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee’s visit to China in 2003, has not been impervious to incursions across the state’s 206-km border with Tibet. The so-called 2.1 sq km “finger area”, the northern-most tip of Sikkim, for instance, is still on China’s radar screen.

The UPA government, however, continues to publicly downplay all these concerns. The consistent official line is that the transgressions take place due to “differing perceptions” of the unresolved LAC, with both New Delhi and Beijing trying to “amicably resolve” the issue through talks.

But the concern underneath can be gauged from the fact the Border Roads Organisation is now being pulled out of Naxal-hit areas to concentrate on infrastructure build-up in forward areas.

This has become necessary because of the tardy progress in the construction of the 73 all-weather roads earmarked for the Sino-Indian border, with only a dozen ready till now.

Then, of course, apart from beginning to base Sukhoi-30MKI fighters in North-East as well as upgrading airstrips and helipads, India is also raising two new specialised infantry mountain divisions (35,000 soldiers) and an artillery brigade for Arunachal Pradesh.

India also plans to progressively base six surface-to-air Akash missile squadrons in the North-East to counter the threat posed by Chinese fighters, helicopters and drones in the region.

China then dismissed fresh reports of incursions by its troops into Indian territory, saying it was committed to solving the vexed boundary issue through talks and would like to make joint efforts with India to maintain peace along the border.

China has a consistent stand on the Sino-India boundary issue, Foreign Ministry spokesperson Jiang Yu told a news briefing here, replying to a question about reports in a section of India media alleging incursions by the Chinese troops.

“China and India are committed to solving boundary issue through negotiations… but before the settlement of the boundary issue there should be joint efforts to safeguard peace and tranquility on the boundary,” she said.

“Our activities along the boundary area have been consistent with the above principles. Our patrol along the border will never cross border to other countries,” she said.

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By admin

China, Cambodia seek to strengthen military ties from china-defense-mashup.com

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BEIJING, May 11 (China Military News cited from Xinhua) — China and Cambodia pledged to strengthen military ties when senior military officials from the two countries met here Tuesday.

Cambodia is China’ s good neighbor, friend and partner, China’ s Defense Minister Liang Guanglie told Pol Saroeun, commander-in-chief of the Royal Cambodian Armed Forces.

Chen Bingde, chief of the General Staff of the People’ s Liberation Army (PLA) of China

Liang said recent years have witnessed high-level contacts, a deepening of economic and trade cooperation, productive exchanges in science and technology, and sound growth in military relations between China and Cambodia.

Both countries have also supported each other on major issues concerning their respective core interests, Liang added.

China hopes to make joint efforts with Cambodia to consolidate their traditional friendship, promote reciprocal cooperation, and constantly enrich their comprehensive cooperative partnership, Liang said.

Chen Bingde, chief of the General Staff of the People’ s Liberation Army (PLA) of China, also had talks with Pol Saroeun Tuesday.

Chen said China-Cambodia military relations have smoothly developed with pragmatic and meaningful cooperation in personnel training and the building of military schools and hospitals.

China is ready to work with Cambodia to further boost their military relations, Chen said.

Pol Saroeun said the Cambodian government attaches great importance to its relationship with China and will continue to adhere to the one-China policy.

The Cambodian armed forces would like to work with China to enhance cooperation in various fields, he added.

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By admin

North Korea’s Kim seeking lifeline in China from china-defense-mashup.com

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May.04 (China Military News cited from Reuters and written by Jon Herskovitz) — Reclusive North Korean leader Kim Jong-il reportedly went to China seeking aid and protection from his only major ally after bungled policies at home and military grandstanding that has exasperated the region.

China has propped up the North’s leaders for decades. Analysts say even though Beijing is increasingly fed up with its provocative neighbor, it is willing to bankroll Kim to prevent chaos on its border.

Kim, aware of Beijing’s predicament, will demand sweeteners to rein in his military and return to international nuclear disarmament talks hosted by Beijing, analysts said.

He crossed into China in the predawn hours in his armored train and went to the thriving port city of Dalian, Yonhap news agency quoted South Korean officials as saying.

In his last trip in 2006, Kim toured China’s industrial centers for a first-hand look under the hood of the country’s quickly growing economy.

Dalian, a rebuilt rust-belt city that has attracted major foreign investment, is a symbol of development that Beijing’s leaders have advocated for years to Kim and his father, state founder Kim Il-sung, to revive the North’s moribund economy.

But Kim has painted himself into a corner.

Economic reforms would open his hermit state and could undermine his “military first” ideology, which justifies economic hardships at home to build a military strong enough to prevent an invasion.

A booking agent at the Furama Hotel in Dalian where Kim was thought to be staying told Reuters it was not accepting reservations for Monday because of “an event.”

A highway into Dalian has been blocked to normal traffic and there was a heavy police guard near a factory zone.

There has been no confirmation of the trip, and reporters, camping out along the line in Dandong that Kim’s special train would have to use to enter China, were hounded out of the area by Chinese security agents just before the suspected crossing.

The visit would be Kim’s first trip abroad since a suspected stroke in 2008. Analysts are also wondering whether Kim’s youngest son Jong-un may be joining him so that he could introduce him as the heir to the family throne in Beijing.

ECONOMIC PRESSURES

Kim’s trip comes at an even more precarious time for the North’s already struggling economy, hit by U.N. sanctions to punish it for a nuclear test a year ago and a botched currency reform late last year that worsened inflation and sparked almost unheard of civil unrest.

South Korea suspects the North of attacking one of its naval ships in late March, killing 46 of its sailors in what could be one of the deadliest strikes between the rivals since the end of the 1950-53 Korean War.

Fearful a revenge strike could lead to armed conflict that could damage its rapidly recovering economy, Seoul is looking to punish Pyongyang by cutting into its already meager international finances and sending it deeper into isolation.

This, in turn, could drive Pyongyang even closer to Beijing.

“Beijing has shown great reluctance to forsake pariahs. If anything, it will reinforce the importance of Chinese investment because they will really be the only game in town,” said Peter Beck, a Korean affairs researcher at Stanford University.

In 2009, bilateral trade between China and North Korea, with an estimated GDP of $17 billion, was worth $2.7 billion. As the North’s economy has grown weaker since Kim took over power in 1994, China has supplied more food, oil and goods that serve as a lifeline for his broken state.

Kim’s previous trips to China have led to steps that decreased the security risk the North poses to the region.

Analysts expect a visit to add new life to now dormant international nuclear disarmament talks hosted by Beijing that have been boycotted by Pyongyang for over a year.

The North’s official media has not mentioned the trip and did not announce his 2006 visit until after Kim’s armored train crossed the border and he was safely back in North Korea.

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By admin

China promises trucks for Cambodian military after US rap from china-defense-mashup.com

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May.03 (China Military News cited from Asia World News) — China is to donate more than 250 trucks to Cambodia just weeks after the United States withheld a shipment of military vehicles in response to Phnom Penh’s recent expulsion of 20 Uighur refugees, local media reported Monday.

The donation was announced by Cambodia’s Foreign Minister Hor Namhong on his return from Shanghai, the Phnom Penh Post newspaper reported.

Hor Namhong said China would donate 257 military trucks and 50,000 military uniforms.

Military Trucks produced by China

He said the gesture was made by Beijing of its own accord during a meeting in Shanghai between China’s President Hu Jintao and Cambodia’s Prime Minister Hun Sen.

“[Hun Sen] did not ask them, but they know our requirements, and [Hu Jintao] promised to provide further military assistance in the future,” he said.

The US embassy in Phnom Penh declined to comment Monday.

China has growing business and strategic interests in Cambodia, and is Phnom Penh’s most important investor.

In the past four years Cambodia has approved more than 6 billion dollars of Chinese investment. Much of that is in infrastructure, particularly hydropower dams.

The investment figure excludes 880 million dollars in Chinese grant and aid during that period.

It also excludes 1.2 billion dollars in economic assistance awarded by China immediately after Cambodia expelled the 20 Uighur asylum-seekers in December at Beijing’s request.

Both countries denied any link between the two events, though that denial was not widely believed.

The expulsion of the Uighurs drew strong criticism from Washington, which promised penalties for Cambodia’s failure to meet its international obligations. Cancelling the shipment of US trucks was the first of those punishments.

Human rights workers have expressed rising concern at growing ties between private business and the military in Cambodia after Hun Sen encouraged business leaders to “adopt” military units.

Cambodian military regularly guard huge private land concessions across the country, and have been used in the past to evict the rural poor.

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By admin

China stumped over Dalai Lama

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DHARAMSALA, India – The Dalai Lama’s recent attendance at a cricket match here led Beijing to again taunt the Tibetan spiritual leader over past remarks that he is a “son of India”, with Chinese media saying he is faking a passion for the sport to please his “Indian masters”.
By atimes.com

Is Chittagong one of China’s ‘pearls’?

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The BBC’s Mukul Devichand examines whether India should feel threatened by Chinese-backed projects – the so-called “string of pearls” – in South Asia.
By news.bbc.co.uk

India not paranoid about China, says Antony

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Defence Minister A K Antony today made it clear that India is not paranoid over China and said the relationship between the two countries is improving and getting better even though the border dispute existed.
By news.rediff.com

Chinese expert lauds Jairam Ramesh

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Amid a row over Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh’s remark describing home ministry’s approach towards Chinese investments in India as “alarmist”, a top analyst in China has said his “apology” was “understandable”.
By news.rediff.com

Jairam Ramesh’s apology understandable, says Chinese analyst

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Amid a row over Jairam Ramesh’s remark describing Home Ministry’s approach towards Chinese investments in India as “alarmist”, a top analyst said his “apology” was “understandable”.
By timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Ramesh’s apology understandable: Chinese analyst

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Amid a row over Environment Minister Jairam Ramesh’s remark describing Home Ministry’s approach towards Chinese investments in India as “alarmist”, a top analyst in Beijing has said his “apology” was “understandable”.
By business.rediff.com

Beijing projects power in South China Sea

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SINGAPORE Is China becoming more assertive in enforcing its claims to control as much as 80 percent of the South China Sea, a claim that includes sovereignty over dozens of islands disputed with several Southeast Asian states? Recent developments certainly point in this direction. Japan, the United States, India and Australia all powers with a strong stake in regional stability are …
By search.japantimes.co.jp

Webservers based in Chengdu in China targets Indian business, political, social, military, outsourcing, and financial …

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These are new Chinese cyber war machines and cyber soldiers ready take down enemy interests on the net. India-centric cyber warfare system is described as ‘son of ghost net”, an allusion to a Chinese effort to infiltrate the Tibetan exile community.
By indiadaily.com

US biggest ‘threat’ to China, says top Chinese military expert from china-defense-mashup.com

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Apr.26 (China Military News cited from IANS) — The US is the greatest “perceived threat” to the People’s Liberation Army (PLA) and cross-Straits relationship was the most likely subject to provoke a China-US war, a top Chinese military strategist has said.

“The US is the only country capable of threatening China’s national security interests in an all-round way,” Rear Admiral Yang Yi, former head of strategic studies at the PLA’s National Defence University, said last week to a group of visiting senior US officials.

“Japan has no such ability, while Russia has no such motivation and India is more worried about China,” Yang said while addressing delegates at the weeklong US-China Government Executive Global Leadership Course that concluded last Friday.

Yang said Beijing was hoping to maintain and develop a stable and healthy relationship with Washington but it also needed to make necessary preparations for any possible threat.

“Fortunately, the risk of a Sino-US confrontation is decreasing due to the relaxation of the Taiwan question,” China Daily reported Sunday quoting Yang.

He said the Taiwan question would be solved politically rather than militarily, adding the cross-Straits relationship would become even more stable and secure if it continued to develop positively over the next five to 10 years.

Talking about US arms sales to Taiwan, Yang said: “Those weapons will be ours sooner or later.”

The 17-member US group included directors of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), Defence Department and Nuclear Regulatory Commission.

This is the first time that Washington has sent senior government officials to Beijing to engage their Chinese counterparts in a comparative educational dialogue.

Sun Zhe, director of Tsinghua University’s Centre for US-China Relations who planned the course two years ago, said Yang had answered the questions in a frank manner.

“A US navy official in charge of intelligence asked the question and he quickly responded that it was the same case for China about the US,” Sun said, adding it is very unique for naval officials from the two sides to exchange thoughts so honestly.

According to Sun, the frank communication was not intended as a threat, but that it would help the two powers to avoid strategically misjudging the other.

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By admin


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